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                  <text>Illusion and the Baroque Ceiling Fresco</text>
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                  <text>A collection of Italian Baroque ceiling frescoes demonstrating emerging techniques for painted illusion, such as di sotto in sù and quadratura.</text>
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                  <text>Various artists</text>
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                  <text>Enggass, Robert. “Bernini, Gaulli, and the Frescoes of the Gesù.” The Art Bulletin 39, no. 4 (1957): 303–5. https://doi.org/10.2307/3047734.&#13;
&#13;
"Illusionism." Grove Art Online. 2003; Accessed 13 Oct. 2021. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000039956.&#13;
&#13;
Lavergnee, Arnauld Brejon de. "The great illusionists." UNESCO Courier, September 1987, 30+. Gale OneFile: CPI.Q (accessed October 12, 2021). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6133957/CPI?u=duke_perkins&amp;sid=summon&amp;xid=e32d1bb3.&#13;
&#13;
Wheeler, Katherine. “Fictive and Real Architecture: A Preliminary Drawing for Andrea Pozzo’s Vault Fresco at Sant’Ignazio, Rome.” Thresholds, no. 28 (2005): 100–153. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43876210.</text>
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                  <text>Baroque period (1600-1750)</text>
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                  <text>Eliza Henne</text>
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                  <text>Fresco/Stucco</text>
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                  <text>Various locations</text>
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                <text>Divine Providence: Glorification of the Reign of Urban VIII</text>
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                <text>Divine Providence: Glorification of the Reign of Urban VIII is one of the reigning examples of the Baroque ceiling fresco, a manifestation of Pietro da Cortona’s mastery of Baroque style. The fresco dominates the ceiling of the Palazzo Barberini, the estate of Pope Urban VIII’s family, and pays extravagant tribute to the family in a mass of allegorical and mythological figures. The central female figure, Divine Providence, reaches up towards the Barberini family coat of arms, the set of three bees, supported by the Fates. She directs Fame, who holds a starry crown. Other notable characters include the mythological Hercules and Minerva; Chronos, time personified; Immortality; Religion; and Good Government. The fresco places its myriad figures in a framework of painted stucco columns, but the rest of the image opens the ceiling to the heavens in an illusory extension of space.&#13;
Cortona’s work in this fresco indicates some of the technical innovations emerging particularly in Baroque ceiling painting. Earlier painters had utilized methods of trompe l’oeil, or “tricking the eye” as a way of manipulating a painting to blend with the wall on which it was displayed or extend a space backwards into the wall. Greater contrast in light and shadow and perspective techniques like foreshortening could be used to make a painted figure “project” outward towards the viewer. In this case, Cortona extends the space of the Palazzo Barberini upwards with the practices that came to be known as quadratura and di sotto in sù. Quadratura refers to the extension of architectural elements from the walls of a room into the painted ceiling; the addition of false columns or balustrades into the painted image increases the perceived height of the ceiling. Di sotto in sù, or “as seen from below” painting, was not quite at its height in Divine Providence but Cortona developed the technique further in his fresco in the nave of the Chiesa Nuova in Rome.</text>
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                <text>Pietro da Cortona (1596-1669)</text>
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                <text>Lavergnee, Arnauld Brejon de. "The great illusionists." UNESCO Courier, September 1987, 30+. Gale OneFile: CPI.Q (accessed October 12, 2021). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6133957/CPI?u=duke_perkins&amp;sid=summon&amp;xid=e32d1bb3.&#13;
This source provides an overview of the most well-known practitioners of illusionistic painting in the Baroque period, touching on such notable figures as Pietro da Cortona (1596-1669); Giovanni-Battista Gaulli, known as Baciccia (1639-1709); and Andrea Pozzo (1642-1709). It traces the origins of Baroque style and how that style translated into the newly bold, dynamic ceiling frescoes of the period. Pietro da Cortona in particular is set apart as a trailblazer of Baroque painting, especially in his use of illusionary tactics including trompe l’oeil, di sotto in su, and quadratura. </text>
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                <text>Pietro, da Cortona, 1596-1669. 1633-39. Rome: Palazzo Barberini: Divine Providence, Glorification of the Reign of Urban VIII. https://library.artstor.org/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000549095.</text>
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                <text>1633-39</text>
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                <text>Eliza Henne</text>
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                <text>The Service Platform and Content. The Service platforms and any trademarks, issued patents, and patent applications, copyrights and copyright registrations and applications, rights in ideas, designs, works of authorship, derivative works, and all other intellectual property rights (collectively, “Intellectual Property”) relating to the Service platforms are proprietary to ITHAKA and all Intellectual Property related to the Content provided by ITHAKA’s participating libraries, universities, publishers, scholarly societies, and other Content contributors are proprietary to them, subject to the rights of third parties.</text>
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                <text>Stucco/Fresco</text>
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                <text>Palazzo Barberini, Rome, Italy</text>
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                  <text>Enggass, Robert. “Bernini, Gaulli, and the Frescoes of the Gesù.” The Art Bulletin 39, no. 4 (1957): 303–5. https://doi.org/10.2307/3047734.&#13;
&#13;
"Illusionism." Grove Art Online. 2003; Accessed 13 Oct. 2021. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000039956.&#13;
&#13;
Lavergnee, Arnauld Brejon de. "The great illusionists." UNESCO Courier, September 1987, 30+. Gale OneFile: CPI.Q (accessed October 12, 2021). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6133957/CPI?u=duke_perkins&amp;sid=summon&amp;xid=e32d1bb3.&#13;
&#13;
Wheeler, Katherine. “Fictive and Real Architecture: A Preliminary Drawing for Andrea Pozzo’s Vault Fresco at Sant’Ignazio, Rome.” Thresholds, no. 28 (2005): 100–153. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43876210.</text>
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                  <text>Baroque period (1600-1750)</text>
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                <text>Triumph in the Name of Jesus</text>
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                <text>Triumph in the Name of Jesus is the most well-known of Giovanni Battista Gaulli’s frescoes decorating Il Gesù in Rome. Gaulli, commonly known as Baciccio, was mentored by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, an outstanding figure in the Italian art world. He received the commission for Il Gesù’s ceiling frescoes through his connection to Bernini, who directed him towards the commission competition and recommended him to the Jesuit order. Gaulli caters to the order’s interests; the fresco is built on Jesuit symbolism and direct spiritual appeal. The central Jesuit monogram radiates light onto the surrounding angels and holy beings as they look up towards it in awe. As the virtuous marvel among the clouds, the damned souls tumble as if falling towards the viewer. Around the stucco frame of the main fresco, stucco sculptures of angels interact with frescoed portions of the ceiling and blur the line between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional elements of the work.&#13;
Gaulli’s work in this fresco builds on the innovations in perspective and illusion explored by Pietro da Cortona while incorporating the painting skills he learned from Bernini. The painting opens the ceiling to the sky, and Gaulli uses the di sotto in sù effect to lend a certain physicality to the image of heaven. The dramatic shrink in the size of the figures suggests a perceivable distance between heavenly and earthly planes; this inspires an emotional response to the immediacy of heaven, supplementing Jesuit belief in missionary work and active religious participation. Gaulli adds to his three-dimensional illusion by adding dark glazed areas on the vault where the painted clouds and figures would theoretically cast shadows as they obstruct the blazing light. The contrast of lighter and darker sections of the overall image as a compositional method highlights the Baroque painting style that was well-established by that time.</text>
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                <text>Giovanni Battista Gaulli (Baciccia) (1639-1709)</text>
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                <text>Enggass, Robert. “Bernini, Gaulli, and the Frescoes of the Gesù.” The Art Bulletin 39, no. 4 (1957): 303–5. https://doi.org/10.2307/3047734.&#13;
This source explores the fresco work of Giovanni Battista Gaulli, commonly known as Baciccio, in the decoration of the Gesù cathedral in Rome. An introductory biography of Baciccio provides his background as a pupil of Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and the following material gives an overview of his various works within the cathedral, particularly his ceiling frescoes. The well-known Triumph in the Name of Jesus fresco is discussed in terms of both its technical and emotional prowess.</text>
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                <text>Gaulli, Giovanni-Battista, 1639-1709. 1676-79. Triumph in the Name of Jesus. https://library.artstor.org/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000819514.</text>
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                <text>1676-79</text>
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                <text>Eliza Henne</text>
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                <text>The Service Platform and Content. The Service platforms and any trademarks, issued patents, and patent applications, copyrights and copyright registrations and applications, rights in ideas, designs, works of authorship, derivative works, and all other intellectual property rights (collectively, “Intellectual Property”) relating to the Service platforms are proprietary to ITHAKA and all Intellectual Property related to the Content provided by ITHAKA’s participating libraries, universities, publishers, scholarly societies, and other Content contributors are proprietary to them, subject to the rights of third parties.</text>
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                <text>Il Gesù, Rome, Italy</text>
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&#13;
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